Ban Jelačić Square — supplied visual reference

Source: user-supplied image(20261101-221834).png, approved for this section.
Original author and original licence: not established from the supplied file.
No attribution to StevenL or Wikimedia Commons applies to this replacement.
No Creative Commons licence is asserted for this image.

Adaptation: built-in imagegen was used to remove the three embedded interface
cards, their text/icons/shadows, and the white screenshot edge, reconstructing
the covered sky. The approved viewpoint, statue on the right and overall
composition were retained. This is an AI-edited supplied visual reference;
it is not presented as a verified documentary photograph of Zagreb.

Optimisation: 4:3 WebP versions, 1360 x 1020 and 800 x 600 pixels.
The website information cards remain separate HTML elements.

Editing instruction: remove only the three translucent UI panels and fill
their sky areas naturally; preserve the supplied scene, perspective, colours
and framing, with no new people, buildings or interface elements.